Waste Stream Overview
As a brief overview we attempt to outline the current status of the management of waste materials, we identify the main
sources
of waste streams, Waste
Handling
& Disposal
Methods
and waste
diversion
efforts.
An evolutionary shift in attitudes to accept Waste as a Resource
and the development of technology has lead to the expansion of a historical
limited approach to
Resource Recovery
from only a
BTU
(calorific values) and Protein capture centric exercise
into the realm of
Bio-Refining
and Molecular Elemental
Regeneration.
Check-out a
Novel
Approach to Waste Recovery.
The evolution of
Curbside & Municipal Recycling
programs and transition of traditional Material Recovery Facilities
MRFs
into Super MRFs by producing
Solid Recovered Fuel SRF
may enhance Resource Recovery and drastically reduce disposal volumes.
In addition we have provided some information on other types of waste streams and Waste related
Issues
But Waste.net is primarily a premium source of commodity based
Recycling Market
information.
Commercial & Industrial Waste
Waste collection from business may be provided as a part of local
municipal service
or Commercial, Institutional and Light Industrial waste collection services may be provided by private
Waste Haulers
directly to independent companies.
The collection of common recyclable materials may be provide as a separate service or may be incorporated into the
commercial and industrial waste Collection Services.
Most waste haulers provide a
containerized
waste removal service by providing a waste collection container to each customer.
Heavy Industry Wastestreams
Larger generators of industrial waste may have a totally unique wastestream related to the specific
industry or products that they produce.
This situation presents distinctive opportunities and
challenges
exclusive to that Heavy Industry in regards to waste handling and recycling.
The two main sources of
C & D Waste
(Construction & Demolition) wastes are from
civil engineering
project waste and from
building materials.
The combination of these materials may average in the 30% range of the total waste stream.
In many cases the normal flow of these materials are identified at source and are diverted away from the general wastestream.
Volumes may spike radically as a result of disaster debris from events such as flood, fire or tornadoes
and pose a temporary processing challenge to recycling capacities.
C & D Waste materials recycling info exchange service, Please ADD your inquiries.
Civil Engineering Wastes
Civil Engineering Wastes may include waste materials generated from roads, bridges, civil engineering structures
and contains materials such as
Asphalt,
Concrete,
Aggregate
rubble, soil and sands.
Building Materials Wastes
Construction & Demolition Waste building materials are generated primarily from
new
building construction, building
renovation
or repairs and building
demolition.
There are several different
types
of building material wastes, many of these materials are commonly recovered.
New Building Construction
New Building Construction wastes are typically segregated on site and sent directly to a C&D recycling facility.
In some geographic locations new building construction wastes may be sent directly to disposal,
but in more and more regions these materials may be restricted or carry extremely expensive dispose fees.
Building Renovations
It may be difficult or inconvenient to recycle wastes from smaller renovation projects and these materials
may end up in the general wastestream.
Demolition Wastes
Demolition and Building contractors understand how to organize their job sites to segregate the waste streams
to maximize efficiency and control costs.
Mixed
C & D Wastes
include general mixed rubble and debris but most contractors try to segregate the different types of materials.
Recovered Building Materials
Typically higher value items such as used building materials are
Salvaged
for resale, reuse, repair or refurbishment.
Scrap metals such as structural steel, lighter gage steel like galvanized roofing sheet, and rain gutters
are sorted for recycling and other scrap metals from electrical and plumbing, aluminum siding and window frames
are segregated and sold.
Wood Wastes have a huge potential
and growing demand as a fuel source.
Inert materials such as
Brick, Block & Stone
can be used as a landscaping medium or clean fill and recovered as raw
Aggregates
and
Concrete.
The wood and aggregates are kept separate from other material streams such as
Roofing Tars &
Shingle Scrap
and Wallboard &
Gypsum Drywall Scraps.
In addition items like
insulation
materials and Special or Hazardous Wastes such as
asbestos
must be treated separately.
Municipal Solid Waste MSW
Waste Disposal and Municipal Solid Waste MSW
Evolution from collecting trash bags by hand and loading a garbage truck to using
curbside carts that are lifted and emptied automatically.
Many municipalities have incorporated a
Curbside Recycling program along side of their waste collection system.
Some municipalities have gone a step further by developing a
Wet Dry
collection & processing system,
The strategy of
Resource Recovery
and producing RDF to support EFW is gaining mass adoption.
Waste Treatment & Processing
The processing or treatment of Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW)
are combined with
Commercial & Industrial Waste
at a facility that converts the
incoming raw waste into valuable resources that may be harvested
such as
Solid Recovered Fuel.
By incorporating a traditional Material Recovery Facility
(MRF)
with a SRF production process you may maximize recovery of resources and
reduce disposal volumes.
Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF), also known as Specified Recovered Fuel (SRF),
are
waste materials
that are processed and converted into
specified sizing,
calorific value and moisture content and may be pelletized or semi-densified.
SRF can then be used in various combustion processes that are designed to generate heat
and/or power and may be used as a feedstock for
alternative
Thermal Reduction waste resource recovery.
Specified Recovered Fuel (SRF) is a competitive fuel commodity that may be consumed by
Power Plants
as a substitute for traditional fossil fuels, reducing carbon emissions and minimizing the need to mine coal deposits.
This type of fuel can also help cement producers attain their sustainability goals by
substituting more than half of their fossil-based fuels.
Waste Collection
Automated collection of municipal curbside waste is is the trend to use plastic tote bins that can
be tipped by the collection vehicle, this replaces plastic bags that need to be manually pick-up.
Most commercial & industrial wastes are containerized for collection.
Containerized Waste Removal
Most waste haulers provide a containerized waste removal service by providing a waste collection container to each customer.
Typically smaller waste generators use a Front End Loader (FEL) style bin that is serviced on a route collection basis.
Generators of larger quantities of waste may use roll-off style containers that my be picked up and emptied as required.
Bulky wastes generators may use a stationary Trash compactor to compress the waste into a bin
for more efficient load density transportation.
Waste Transfer
Small quantizes of wastes are collected at local transfer stations and consolidated into
high volume compacted transfer trailers for transportation to disposal locations such as mega
landfills
or incineration plants.
Incineration
For many years the incineration of municipal waste was a common method of waste treatment,
but changing attitudes have branded this option as a dirty smoke stack emission generator and has become less acceptable.
Over several decades public opinion has declined negatively towards the burning or
combustion
of waste materials.
A re-think is underway related to
Waste to Energy
technolgy and a shift towards
BioRefining
and Thermal Reduction methods the refocus on emissions and
Byproduct Valorization.
Stack Emissions
On a mass equilibrium bases the raw stack emissions will be directly inverse to the volume of ash generated.
If you input 100 ton of waste and you get 25 ton of incinerator ash out, that means you will generate 75 ton (*PLUS)
of flue gasses from the raw input.
*PLUS -
In order to achieve complete combustion the process requires ongoing supply of oxygen as a fuel and
pulling ambient air into the incinerator chamber can meet this need.
The oxygen content of the ambient atmosphere is only approximately 21%,
then an addition volume of air is required to fulfill the needs.
Since Nitrogen makes up about 78% of ambient air the combustion chamber is flooded with Nitrogen creating the opportunity to
produce combustion byproducts such as NOX.
All of this addition of ambient air intake is added into the raw combustion gas product (75 ton) which is
accumulated into the total volume emissions exiting as flue gasses.
Incinerator Ash
One of the major byproducts from the
combustion
of Municipal Solid Waste MSW is
Incinerator Ash
which is typically found in one of two forms,
either as Incinerator Bottom Ash (IBA) or as Fly Ash.
The Fly Ash is the fine particulate collected from the flue gas emission flows and the IBA is the solid non-combusted fraction
of materials that drop to the bottom of a furnace.
The Incinerator Bottom Ash IBA may be further processed to remove contamination and
residues
in order to produce a clean
Circular Aggregate
Material that can be marketed as a raw feedstock for the building and construction industry.
Ash Residues
The cleaning process to purify the inorganic inert mineral aggregates provides the opportunity to identify and remove
residual contaminates.
The removal of
Recovered Incinerator Steels
and
Non-Ferrous Metals
which may be sent for recovery and refining.
The proliferation of electronics in todays Municipal Solid Waste MSW stream makes it virtually impossible to remove
all E-wastes, subsequently any metals contained fall into the ash.
This results in a concentration of precious, strategic and Rare Earth metals and the potential exists for the recovery
of these
Metal Content Residues.
This also provides the opportunity to reduce any toxicity content.
In many applications, in locations around the world, waste is still used as a fuel to generate heat (typically
Steam)
and/or
Electricity.
Environmental Sustainability efforts and a transition to carbon neutrality and the reduction of greenhouse gasses
has resulted in a huge decrease in the establishment of new projects that utilize any form of waste incineration.
As technology develops, new options for
BioEnergy Renewables
harvesting are emerging.
Over time many smaller old style dumps and landfills have been retired,
consolidating into regional or state of the art, highly engineered mega landfills.
Modern landfills are constructed with Sealed cell landfill liners,
geotex membranes,
engineered to collect and control
emissions.
Operations of a typical modern landfill include the procedure of covering the open face on a daily basis
and layering the cells with breathing channels.
This is an opportunity to use certain wastestreams as daily landfill cover,
items such as
shredded tires.
are a common material of choice.
Most landfills are designed to accept a mix of Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW),
Commercial & Industrial
(C&I)
Wastes and Construction & Demolition
(C&D)
debris.
Some specialty types of landfills are designed for monofill with the intention of recovering the
single segregated wastestream materials when the technology or economics have evolved.
Other types of secure landfills are meant for the perpetual containment of hazardous materials.
Landfill Emissions
The two main Landfill Emission concerns are focused on the ongoing generation of Landfill gas and leachate.
Landfill Leachate
Landfill leachate management is a critical part of the ongoing upkeep in a landfills life cycle.
The collection, re-circulation, recollection & safe disposal at a wastewater treatment facility is an essential
component to control the runoff residues.
Landfill Gas
As land filled garbage decays it produces gaseous emissions that contain a mixture of methane & CO2 commonly referred to as
Landfill gas.
These gases may be collected and cleaned to harness the energy contained in the form of
Renewable Natural Gas (RNG).
Landfill Mining
The remediation of legacy landfills may reduce or eliminate potential contamination.
The mining of old landfill sites has been proposed as a method for recovery of strategic resources.
There exists a general shift in popular social attitudes towards the elimination of landfill as a method of disposal.
Increasing recycling and recovery efforts are a positive step, but the total elimination of land filling may not be wise
especially when considering unforeseen disaster events such as flood, fire, tornado when
waste volumes spike exponentially and suddenly.
Having a safe sanitary option for the management of contaminated wastes is essential.
Disposal at Sea
For years many coastal communities have barged raw garbage offshore and dumped the waste into the open ocean.
Due to the vastness of the seas the impact of this out of sight, out of mind method of disposal went largely
unchecked for decades.
Accumulated environmental hazards have been consolidating to a critical limit.
Heavy solid wastes sink to the bottom and contaminate the sea bed,
other materials dissolve into the seawater and threaten marine life.
The light fraction of waste materials become floaters. Ocean currents consolidate
plastic debris
that remains floating for years as it does not decompose quickly,
it leads to the dropping of oxygen level in the water, severely affecting the survival of marine species.
Environmental responsibility is required to address sustainable management of the oceans health
and a fresh review of the practice of Disposal at Sea is overdue.
Hazardous & Special Wastes
Hazardous & Special Wastes,
Asbestos Wastes,
Medical Wastes,
Pathological Wastes,
Radioactive Wastes,
please feel free to
ADD an inquiry
Liquids & Wet Wastes
Water,
Sewage Treatment,
Portable Sanitation,
Chemicals Recovery,
Oils,
Organic Wet Wastes,
Waste Disposal and Municipal Solid Waste MSW
please feel free to
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Waste Water & Sludge De~Watering
If you are interested in Waste Water Treatment or Sludge De~Watering you may make an inquiry to the
Water Recovery
exchange service. This information exchange service may assist you in achieving your desired outcome.
The floatation of scums containing Soaps, Greases, Fats and Oils trend to float to the surface
in waste water treatment facilities and may be skimmed off to be
Rendered
or as waste
oil residues.
Learn more about
Water Regeneration
efforts.
Some other alternatives for
Liquids & Wet Wastes
Brine
Brine
Solutions, brackish water, industrial waste water, mine water, oil well & fracking water remediation,
water treatment
De-Salination
De-Salination
In order to provide a sustainable supply of
water
for drinking, sanitation and irrigation, increased
Water Cycle Conservation
efforts will be required.
Water De-Salination
will play an integral part in the worlds water supply solution.
One of the most common techniques used for desalination is the Reverse Osmosis (RO) process,
this system produces a
concentrated brine
solution as a byproduct.
Water evaporation systems are one method of water purification which produce
Recovered Salt Cake
as a residual by-product.
The desalination operations provide the opportunity to recover and purify
Salt
products for the commercial markets.
The left over
residues
after the salt recovery process contain a variety of interesting materials
that possess some exciting potentials for the extraction of
Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium
mineral
salts.
In addition
trace elements
containing
Base Metals,
Precious
and
Minor Metals
may be recovered.
Of particular interest are the strategic materials such as
Lithium, Indium, Gallium, Molybdenum, Vanadium, and Rare Earth Elements
(REE).
A
Novel
Approach to Waste Recovery.
We also need to explore the potential of eutectic freeze crystallisation as a seperation method.
Sewage Treatment
Sewage Treatment
plants facilitate the clean up and sanitation of Waste Water and attempt to
eliminate the build-up of excess
Nutrients.
One under developed area that holds some potential is
BioSolids,
the solid residue after wet waste has been digested.
Biosolids Derived Fuel (BDF) consist of cake, powdered or pelletized organic materials collected from dried organic sludges.
Attention must be paid to the residual management of
heavy metals
residues.
Portable Sanitation Services
Septic Tank Pumping Service,
Portable Toilet Rental Services.
Make your inquiry for
Portable Sanitation Services
Residue & Residual Wastes
Developing a Residual Materials Management strategy is essential to complete a socially responsible shift to
the cycle of resource recovery in a circular economy.
This procedure needs to be applicable to account for the ultimate disposition of all types of Residual Wastes.
Typical wastestreams that generate Residual Materials include items such as Incinerator
Ash,
sewage
sludge,
pulp mill
sludges,
Mining
Tailings
and solid or liquid industrial process residues,
De-Salination
concentrates
or
brine
solutions and
gaseous
emissions.
Residual Materials Management Cycle
Step 1 - Formalize a process to identify & assess the dominant and trace elements contained in a residue stream
Step 2 - Determine the recovery pathway process required to extract the dominant content material.
This step purifies the recovered dominant material into a market ready form and
consolidates the remaining residual material.
Step 3 - Reassess the leftover residue after the extraction step
and continue to repeat the Residual Materials Management cycle
Purification -
Residue & Trace element consolidation
Metal Content Residues
Waste Emission Credits
Waste Audits
Waste elimination efforts and waste reduction tools provided by firms that perform
Waste Audit
services, may be used to formulate a road map to successfully divert wastes by developing a recycling strategy.
|
Waste Emission Credits
Waste Disposal and Municipal Solid Waste MSW
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