Salinity Gradient Table
| Concentration | Description |
| 0.5 - 2.5 % | Brackish Ground Water |
| 3.5 % | Sea Water |
| 7 % |
R.O. Brine
Reverse Osmosis Rejects |
| 10 - 15 % | Concentrated Brines |
| 20 % |
Saturation Point
(temperature dependant) |
| above 20 % | Salt Crystallization Range |
Salinity Gradient Concentration
The Salinity Gradient Concentration may vary widely which presents a range of challenges and opportunities.
From salt refining and purification aspects over to the demands for clean water
recovery,
these processes are largely dependant upon the energy input or outputs.
Historical Salinity Concentration methods typically include solar evaporation ponds and thermal reduction processes.
More recent efforts also include thermal diffusion concentration systems and density stratification separation.
Energy Harvesting & Desalination
Most traditional Desalination methods are energy intense
thermal distillation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, capacitive deionization
energy
harvesting
- saltwater batteries, voltaic cells, reverse electro dialysis modules,
osmotic power systems
Alkali & Alkaline Earths
The recovery of mineral salts all typically follow the same fundamental paths.
Alkali and Alkaline Earths are commonly found in
brine residues
as a chloride and the
electrolysis
of brine produces a product in the form of hydroxide salts.
The hydroxide salts may be processed into carbonates prior to being converted into an oxide.
Alkali and Alkaline Earth
oxides
may then be converted into pure metals.
This group of materials are extremely energetic metals and must be handled with all precautions to insure safety.
The most common of this group of materials includes Magnesium, Sodium, Calcium, Potassium and Lithium
but also includes a wide range of lessor known
reactive
elements.
