The Cascading Effect

Symbiotic Sequence Cascade

The Cascading Effect
Overview

Thermal Cascade REDOX Cascade
Energy Conversion Continuum

The Cascading Effect
The Recovery 2.0 system has been designed to take advantage of The Cascading Effect of a symbiotic sequence of process pathways that creates an orderly cascade to achieve the recovery of resources from waste streams.

The flow of incoming waste streams through the process into the output of raw commodity feedstocks may benefit from a strategic order or sequence of steps that maximizes material handling and energy management.

The maim focus that highlights these designated beneficial steps are in the areas of Thermal transfer, REDOX reactions and the Energy Conversion Continuum

The symbiotic sequence cascade of stages naturally form a diminishing chain in size, scope & scale as the universe strives to reach equilibrium.

Thermal Cascade
The Recovery 2.0 Thermal Reduction process follows a diminishing temperature sequence where the exhaust or rejected heat of a higher energetic level becomes the heat source for a lower energy level process.

Below please find a sample of one optional scenario pathway of a (7 stage) thermal cascade.

stage # 01.
- The heat generated from oxidation/combustion or Oxy-combustion may power reactions such as calcium carbonate into quick lime or the reduction of iron ore
stage # 02.
- Rejected heat from stage # 01 is sufficient as a heat source (in the range of 800 °C) to drive the pyrolysis of solid wastes
stage # 03.
- Exhaust heat from stage # 02 is adequate to generate high quality steam (above 500 °C)
stage # 04.
- heat extracted from the stage # 03 process (in the 250 °C) may be used to produce low grade steam, or used to drive an ORC Cycle or Sterling Cycle.
stage # 05. - when steam generated from stage # 03 or stage # 04 is spent it may be expelled, collected and condensed into liquid water with use of a cold side thermal heat sink provided by stage # 07
stage # 06.
- In stage # 05 condensed liquid hot water is produced (in the 70 - 90 °C range)
stage # 07.
- If liquid CO2 or compressed Air is rapidly expanded, a cold side heat sink is created that may be used to drive the stage # 05 condensing process.
The remaining exhausted cool gases may be directed through a heat exchanger to provide a cold side for stage # 06.

REDOX Displacement Cascade
The recovery of Metals, Minerals and Elements during Oxidation/Reduction & Displacement reactions and Hydrometallurgy precipitation may be preformed in an orderly sequence of stages.

A Cascading Effect may be developed with a symbiotic sequence of process pathways based upon the order of the Reactivity Series.

The establishment of a REDOX Displacement Cascade allows for the Concentration & Selective Extraction of a full range Metals and materials including Exotic, Critical or Strategic Elements.

Energy Conversion Continuum
Since energy is neither created or destroyed and is simply converted into alternative forms, this sets up the potential of a perpetual continuum of conversion reactions.
This Conversion Continuum creates the opportunity to develop an Energy Management Strategy that includes a Multi-Stage Recovery sequence.
Engineering systems such as captive envelopes may target the potential to tap into or harness the energy contained within processing SideStreams. The ability to harvest or regenerate what otherwise may have been totally lost energy, creates a whole new dimension in energy conservation.

The establishment of a symbiotic sequence of energy harvesting systems will formalize a cascade of diminishing scope & scale stages that may be recognized as an Energy Conversion Continuum.

Each step of the Cascading Continuum may be viewed as a fresh "kick at the can" as an opportunity to harvest or recover energy.
The compounding of this Multi-Stage approach will result in an unprecedented level of energy operational efficiency.

In an effort to layout a couple examples of possible energy pathways that may assist in obtaining the concept of cascading steps and stages.
Provided below is an optional scenario Scenario #01 and Scenario #02

Solid Waste Pyrolysis Energy Pathway - (Scenario #01)
Overview of one option of a pathway of energy sequences in the process of Solid Waste Pyrolysis to serve as a demonstration example that may assist in gaining a basic understanding of the possible stages.
stage # 01.
- In the thermal reduction process a primary heat source (over 800 °C) is used to drive the pyrolysis of solid wastestreams.
stage # 02.
- As a result of the decomposition process of the waste materials, a flammable gaseous fraction is produced referred to as syngas. One method of further reducing and harnessing this calorific energy content gas is the oxidation or oxy-combustion in a gas turbine. This process produces an output of mostly CO2 & water.
Designing a common shaft turbo mechanism facilitates the collection and conversion of the syngas while simultaneously generating electricity and/or performing a pumping or compression faction.
stage # 03.
- The hot exhaust of the syngas oxy-combustion (stage # 02) may be sufficient to harness as the primary heat source to assist in the pyrolysis process.
stage # 04.
- The heat generated or radiated from the pyrolysis process (stage # 01) may be focused and incorporated into a combine steam cycle to produce harvestable turbo/pressure energy while purifying the wastewater.
stage # 05.
- Pumping or compression energy may be harvested during the condensing process of converting steam into liquid water. The expansion of any accumulated compressed air, gas or liquid CO2 may act as an agent to drive the cold side cooling effect required to perform the steam condensing process.
stage # 06.
- The output of the steam condensing process produces an accumulation of hot water. The energy contained within the stream of hot water may be extracted in a Hot water Energy Recovery cycle.
stage # 07.
- Once the thermal energy has been extracted from the water, the clean ambient water may be directed into a hydro storage reservoir and become available as a working water resource.
stage # 08.
- On demand at any time, water is readaly available to feed the water splitting electrolysers in order to produce Hydrogen and Oxygen.
Electricity to operate the electrolysers may be obtained either from solar if/when available or harvested from any of the various electricity generating points from within the Recovery 2.0 operation.
stage # 09.
- CO2 that is generated (in stage # 02.) may be collected and stored in a consolidated form as liquid CO2.
The heat generated during the CO2 compession process may be extracted and stored in a Hot Bank for use as a hot side heat exchange media.
stage # 10.
- Liquid CO2 may be released on demand and expanded to be used as the extream cold side energy required to rapidly condence steam (in stage # 05.)
The cool exhaust resulting from the liquid CO2 expantion my be harvested as both a pressured gas flow (in a turbo) and as a cool heat exchange media.
The spent CO2 flow may than be routed for convertion ia a Methane Synthysis process.
stage # 11.
- Hydrogen that is produced in the electrolyser water splitting process (from stage # 09.) may be blended with the captured CO2 (from stage # 10.) in order to synthesize into Renewable Natural Gas (RNG)
(CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O)
This process is exothermic and provides an opportunity to extract energy.
stage # 12.
- The Methane Pyrolysis process (in excess of 700 °C) reduces CH4 (RNG) resulting in the production of solid carbon and facilitates the recovery and regeneration of Hydrogen to be reused in the conversion of additional CO2

Direct Air Capture of CO2 Pathways - (Senario #02)
Overview of one option of a pathway of energy sequences in the process of CO2 Direct Air Capture to serve as a demonstration example that may assist in gaining a basic understanding of the posible steps.
step # 01.
- A flow of ambient air, that is routed through a sorbent coluum, dilute CO2 is is collected and pasted along into a CO2 concentration process.
step # 02.
- The air flow is created or driven by the intake draw of a 2 stoke displacement engine with a draw in exess of 10 m3/sec
step # 03.
- Ambient air is drawn in and funneled into a wind tunnel (typicaly constucted below ground level) to feed the Direct Air Capture (DAC) module. Prior to reaching the the DAC unit there exists an opportunity to harvest the ducted wind energy (in the equivalant range of 10 m/sec)
step # 04.
- Inside the displacement engine two displacer pistons are susspended by a cable around a pully, the displacer pistons are contained in parell each in their own (10 meter high) cylender configeration. As the engine cycles the pully is rotated (osollates aproximatly 10 meters/stroke) which presents an energy harvesting point.
step # 05.
- As the displacement engine cycles an ossolating air flow (apprx. 10 m3/sec) on the top side of the pistons occures. A strategicly place air turbine between the 2 cyliners may harness this ossolating air flow.
step # 06.
- The exhaust air from the displacement engine may be expelled into a smaller confined space wich results in the compression of that exhaust air. This pressurized exhaust may be directed through a turbo/harvestor at wich point the second stage exhaust is partialy depressurised.
step # 07.
- When the exhaust air is compressed and pressurized it is also symataniously heated creating a hot side media, and as the second stage exhaust is partialy expanded it creates a cold side media. The proper configeration of these hot/cold media allows for the opportunity for thermal energy harvesting.
step # 08.
- the second stage partialy depressurized exhaust air may be released and sparged nto the bottom of a (10 meter tall) water coluum. The bouyancy force drives the air bubbles to escape at the open top of the water coluum, as the air raises threw the water coluum it passes through a stack of turbo harvestors extracting energy and acting as an "upshot" waterwheel.
step # 09.
- As the air bubbles escape and expand at the top of the water coluum they are contained in a biolung as cool air that is available as a heat exchange working fluid.
step # 10.
- Once the spent air is no longer desired for use in any further cycles it may be directed into the solar chimmny module. The air is allowd to be warmed as it flows and funnells to raise up the chiminy passing through a turbo/harvestor allong the way. The filtered clean air is allowed to return to the ambient enviroment presumidly at the same rate it entered the system in step # 03 (at an equivalant range of 10 m3/sec).